使用 Ansistrano 进行 Ansible 部署¶
在本章中,您将学习如何使用 Ansible 角色 Ansistrano 部署应用程序。
**目标**: 在本章中,您将学习如何
实施 Ansistrano;
配置 Ansistrano;
在部署的版本之间使用共享文件夹和文件;
从 git 部署网站的不同版本;
在部署步骤之间进行反应。
**ansible**、**ansistrano**、**角色**、**部署**
**知识**:
**复杂度**:
**阅读时间**: 40 分钟
Ansistrano 是一个 Ansible 角色,用于轻松部署 PHP、Python 等应用程序。它基于 Capistrano 的功能。
介绍¶
Ansistrano 需要以下内容才能运行
- 部署机器上的 Ansible,
- 客户端机器上的
rsync
或git
。
它可以从 rsync
、git
、scp
、http
、S3
、… 下载源代码。
注意
对于我们的部署示例,我们将使用 git
协议。
Ansistrano 通过以下 5 个步骤部署应用程序
- **设置**: 创建用于托管版本的目录结构;
- **更新代码**: 将新版本下载到目标;
- **符号链接共享** 和 **符号链接**: 部署新版本后,
current
符号链接将被修改为指向此新版本; - **清理**: 执行一些清理操作(删除旧版本)。
使用 Ansistrano 的部署骨架如下所示
/var/www/site/
├── current -> ./releases/20210718100000Z
├── releases
│ └── 20210718100000Z
│ ├── css -> ../../shared/css/
│ ├── img -> ../../shared/img/
│ └── REVISION
├── repo
└── shared
├── css/
└── img/
您可以在其 Github 仓库 上找到所有 Ansistrano 文档。
实验¶
您将继续在您的 2 台服务器上工作
管理服务器
- Ansible 已经安装。您需要安装 `ansistrano.deploy` 角色。
被管理的服务器
- 您需要安装 Apache 并部署客户端站点。
部署 Web 服务器¶
为了提高效率,我们将使用 `geerlingguy.apache` 角色来配置服务器
$ ansible-galaxy role install geerlingguy.apache
Starting galaxy role install process
- downloading role 'apache', owned by geerlingguy
- downloading role from https://github.com/geerlingguy/ansible-role-apache/archive/3.1.4.tar.gz
- extracting geerlingguy.apache to /home/ansible/.ansible/roles/geerlingguy.apache
- geerlingguy.apache (3.1.4) was installed successfully
我们可能需要打开一些防火墙规则,因此我们也将安装 `ansible.posix` 集合以使用其 `firewalld` 模块
$ ansible-galaxy collection install ansible.posix
Starting galaxy collection install process
Process install dependency map
Starting collection install process
Downloading https://galaxy.ansible.com/download/ansible-posix-1.2.0.tar.gz to /home/ansible/.ansible/tmp/ansible-local-519039bp65pwn/tmpsvuj1fw5/ansible-posix-1.2.0-bhjbfdpw
Installing 'ansible.posix:1.2.0' to '/home/ansible/.ansible/collections/ansible_collections/ansible/posix'
ansible.posix:1.2.0 was installed successfully
角色和集合安装完成后,我们可以创建第一个 playbook 部分,它将
- 安装 Apache,
- 为我们的 `vhost` 创建目标文件夹,
- 创建默认的 `vhost`,
- 打开防火墙,
- 启动或重启 Apache。
技术考量
- 我们将把我们的站点部署到 `/var/www/site/` 文件夹。
- 正如我们稍后将看到的那样,`ansistrano` 将创建一个指向当前发布文件夹的 `current` 符号链接。
- 要部署的源代码包含一个 `html` 文件夹,vhost 应该指向该文件夹。它的 `DirectoryIndex` 是 `index.htm`。
- 部署由 `git` 完成,包将被安装。
注意
因此,我们的 vhost 的目标将是:`/var/www/site/current/html`。
我们用于配置服务器的 playbook:`playbook-config-server.yml`
---
- hosts: ansible_clients
become: yes
become_user: root
vars:
dest: "/var/www/site/"
apache_global_vhost_settings: |
DirectoryIndex index.php index.htm
apache_vhosts:
- servername: "website"
documentroot: "{{ dest }}current/html"
tasks:
- name: create directory for website
file:
path: /var/www/site/
state: directory
mode: 0755
- name: install git
package:
name: git
state: latest
- name: permit traffic in default zone for http service
ansible.posix.firewalld:
service: http
permanent: yes
state: enabled
immediate: yes
roles:
- { role: geerlingguy.apache }
playbook 可以应用于服务器
ansible-playbook playbook-config-server.yml
注意以下任务的执行
TASK [geerlingguy.apache : Ensure Apache is installed on RHEL.] ****************
TASK [geerlingguy.apache : Configure Apache.] **********************************
TASK [geerlingguy.apache : Add apache vhosts configuration.] *******************
TASK [geerlingguy.apache : Ensure Apache has selected state and enabled on boot.] ***
TASK [permit traffic in default zone for http service] *************************
RUNNING HANDLER [geerlingguy.apache : restart apache] **************************
`geerlingguy.apache` 角色通过处理 Apache 的安装和配置,使我们的工作变得更加轻松。
您可以使用 `curl` 检查一切是否正常
$ curl -I http://192.168.1.11
HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found
Date: Mon, 05 Jul 2021 23:30:02 GMT
Server: Apache/2.4.37 (rocky) OpenSSL/1.1.1g
Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1
注意
我们还没有部署任何代码,因此 `curl` 返回 `404` HTTP 代码是正常的。但我们已经可以确认 `httpd` 服务正在运行,并且防火墙已打开。
部署软件¶
现在我们的服务器已配置,我们可以部署应用程序。
为此,我们将在第二个专用于应用程序部署的 playbook 中使用 `ansistrano.deploy` 角色(为了更易读)。
$ ansible-galaxy role install ansistrano.deploy
Starting galaxy role install process
- downloading role 'deploy', owned by ansistrano
- downloading role from https://github.com/ansistrano/deploy/archive/3.10.0.tar.gz
- extracting ansistrano.deploy to /home/ansible/.ansible/roles/ansistrano.deploy
- ansistrano.deploy (3.10.0) was installed successfully
软件的源代码可以在 github 仓库 中找到。
我们将创建一个 playbook `playbook-deploy.yml` 来管理我们的部署
---
- hosts: ansible_clients
become: yes
become_user: root
vars:
dest: "/var/www/site/"
ansistrano_deploy_via: "git"
ansistrano_git_repo: https://github.com/alemorvan/demo-ansible.git
ansistrano_deploy_to: "{{ dest }}"
roles:
- { role: ansistrano.deploy }
$ ansible-playbook playbook-deploy.yml
PLAY [ansible_clients] *********************************************************
TASK [ansistrano.deploy : ANSISTRANO | Ensure deployment base path exists] *****
TASK [ansistrano.deploy : ANSISTRANO | Ensure releases folder exists]
TASK [ansistrano.deploy : ANSISTRANO | Ensure shared elements folder exists]
TASK [ansistrano.deploy : ANSISTRANO | Ensure shared paths exists]
TASK [ansistrano.deploy : ANSISTRANO | Ensure basedir shared files exists]
TASK [ansistrano.deploy : ANSISTRANO | Get release version] ********************
TASK [ansistrano.deploy : ANSISTRANO | Get release path]
TASK [ansistrano.deploy : ANSISTRANO | GIT | Register ansistrano_git_result variable]
TASK [ansistrano.deploy : ANSISTRANO | GIT | Set git_real_repo_tree]
TASK [ansistrano.deploy : ANSISTRANO | GIT | Create release folder]
TASK [ansistrano.deploy : ANSISTRANO | GIT | Sync repo subtree[""] to release path]
TASK [ansistrano.deploy : ANSISTRANO | Copy git released version into REVISION file]
TASK [ansistrano.deploy : ANSISTRANO | Ensure shared paths targets are absent]
TASK [ansistrano.deploy : ANSISTRANO | Create softlinks for shared paths and files]
TASK [ansistrano.deploy : ANSISTRANO | Ensure .rsync-filter is absent]
TASK [ansistrano.deploy : ANSISTRANO | Setup .rsync-filter with shared-folders]
TASK [ansistrano.deploy : ANSISTRANO | Get current folder]
TASK [ansistrano.deploy : ANSISTRANO | Remove current folder if it's a directory]
TASK [ansistrano.deploy : ANSISTRANO | Change softlink to new release]
TASK [ansistrano.deploy : ANSISTRANO | Clean up releases]
PLAY RECAP ********************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************************
192.168.1.11 : ok=25 changed=8 unreachable=0 failed=0 skipped=14 rescued=0 ignored=0
只用 11 行代码就完成了这么多事情!
$ curl http://192.168.1.11
<html>
<head>
<title>Demo Ansible</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Version Master</h1>
</body>
<html>
在服务器上检查¶
您现在可以通过 ssh 连接到您的客户端机器。
- 在 `/var/www/site/` 目录上执行 `tree`
$ tree /var/www/site/
/var/www/site
├── current -> ./releases/20210722155312Z
├── releases
│ └── 20210722155312Z
│ ├── REVISION
│ └── html
│ └── index.htm
├── repo
│ └── html
│ └── index.htm
└── shared
请注意
- 指向发布 `./releases/20210722155312Z` 的 `current` 符号链接
- 存在一个名为 `shared` 的目录
存在 `./repo/` 中的 git 仓库
从 Ansible 服务器,重新启动部署 **3** 次,然后在客户端上检查。
$ tree /var/www/site/
var/www/site
├── current -> ./releases/20210722160048Z
├── releases
│ ├── 20210722155312Z
│ │ ├── REVISION
│ │ └── html
│ │ └── index.htm
│ ├── 20210722160032Z
│ │ ├── REVISION
│ │ └── html
│ │ └── index.htm
│ ├── 20210722160040Z
│ │ ├── REVISION
│ │ └── html
│ │ └── index.htm
│ └── 20210722160048Z
│ ├── REVISION
│ └── html
│ └── index.htm
├── repo
│ └── html
│ └── index.htm
└── shared
请注意
- `ansistrano` 保留了最后 4 个发布版本,
- `current` 链接现在指向最新的发布版本
限制发布版本数量¶
`ansistrano_keep_releases` 变量用于指定要保留的发布版本数量。
- 使用 `ansistrano_keep_releases` 变量,仅保留项目的 3 个发布版本。检查。
---
- hosts: ansible_clients
become: yes
become_user: root
vars:
dest: "/var/www/site/"
ansistrano_deploy_via: "git"
ansistrano_git_repo: https://github.com/alemorvan/demo-ansible.git
ansistrano_deploy_to: "{{ dest }}"
ansistrano_keep_releases: 3
roles:
- { role: ansistrano.deploy }
---
$ ansible-playbook -i hosts playbook-deploy.yml
在客户端机器上
$ tree /var/www/site/
/var/www/site
├── current -> ./releases/20210722160318Z
├── releases
│ ├── 20210722160040Z
│ │ ├── REVISION
│ │ └── html
│ │ └── index.htm
│ ├── 20210722160048Z
│ │ ├── REVISION
│ │ └── html
│ │ └── index.htm
│ └── 20210722160318Z
│ ├── REVISION
│ └── html
│ └── index.htm
├── repo
│ └── html
│ └── index.htm
└── shared
使用 shared_paths 和 shared_files¶
---
- hosts: ansible_clients
become: yes
become_user: root
vars:
dest: "/var/www/site/"
ansistrano_deploy_via: "git"
ansistrano_git_repo: https://github.com/alemorvan/demo-ansible.git
ansistrano_deploy_to: "{{ dest }}"
ansistrano_keep_releases: 3
ansistrano_shared_paths:
- "img"
- "css"
ansistrano_shared_files:
- "logs"
roles:
- { role: ansistrano.deploy }
在客户端机器上,在 `shared` 目录中创建文件 `logs`
sudo touch /var/www/site/shared/logs
然后执行 playbook
TASK [ansistrano.deploy : ANSISTRANO | Ensure shared paths targets are absent] *******************************************************
ok: [192.168.10.11] => (item=img)
ok: [192.168.10.11] => (item=css)
ok: [192.168.10.11] => (item=logs/log)
TASK [ansistrano.deploy : ANSISTRANO | Create softlinks for shared paths and files] **************************************************
changed: [192.168.10.11] => (item=img)
changed: [192.168.10.11] => (item=css)
changed: [192.168.10.11] => (item=logs)
在客户端机器上
$ tree -F /var/www/site/
/var/www/site/
├── current -> ./releases/20210722160631Z/
├── releases/
│ ├── 20210722160048Z/
│ │ ├── REVISION
│ │ └── html/
│ │ └── index.htm
│ ├── 20210722160318Z/
│ │ ├── REVISION
│ │ └── html/
│ │ └── index.htm
│ └── 20210722160631Z/
│ ├── REVISION
│ ├── css -> ../../shared/css/
│ ├── html/
│ │ └── index.htm
│ ├── img -> ../../shared/img/
│ └── logs -> ../../shared/logs
├── repo/
│ └── html/
│ └── index.htm
└── shared/
├── css/
├── img/
└── logs
请注意,最后一个发布版本包含 3 个链接:`css`、`img` 和 `logs`
- 从 `/var/www/site/releases/css` 到 `../../shared/css/` 目录。
- 从 `/var/www/site/releases/img` 到 `../../shared/img/` 目录。
- 从 `/var/www/site/releases/logs` 到 `../../shared/logs` 文件。
因此,这两个文件夹和 `logs` 文件中的文件始终可以通过以下路径访问
/var/www/site/current/css/
,/var/www/site/current/img/
,/var/www/site/current/logs
,
最重要的是,它们将从一个发布版本保留到下一个发布版本。
使用仓库的子目录进行部署¶
在我们的例子中,仓库包含一个 `html` 文件夹,其中包含站点文件。
- 为了避免额外的目录级别,请通过指定要使用的子目录的路径来使用 `ansistrano_git_repo_tree` 变量。
不要忘记修改 Apache 配置以考虑此更改!
更改服务器配置 playbook `playbook-config-server.yml`
---
- hosts: ansible_clients
become: yes
become_user: root
vars:
dest: "/var/www/site/"
apache_global_vhost_settings: |
DirectoryIndex index.php index.htm
apache_vhosts:
- servername: "website"
documentroot: "{{ dest }}current/" # <1>
tasks:
- name: create directory for website
file:
path: /var/www/site/
state: directory
mode: 0755
- name: install git
package:
name: git
state: latest
roles:
- { role: geerlingguy.apache }
<1> 修改此行
更改部署 playbook `playbook-deploy.yml`
---
- hosts: ansible_clients
become: yes
become_user: root
vars:
dest: "/var/www/site/"
ansistrano_deploy_via: "git"
ansistrano_git_repo: https://github.com/alemorvan/demo-ansible.git
ansistrano_deploy_to: "{{ dest }}"
ansistrano_keep_releases: 3
ansistrano_shared_paths:
- "img"
- "css"
ansistrano_shared_files:
- "log"
ansistrano_git_repo_tree: 'html' # <1>
roles:
- { role: ansistrano.deploy }
<1> 修改此行
不要忘记运行这两个 playbook
在客户端机器上检查
$ tree -F /var/www/site/
/var/www/site/
├── current -> ./releases/20210722161542Z/
├── releases/
│ ├── 20210722160318Z/
│ │ ├── REVISION
│ │ └── html/
│ │ └── index.htm
│ ├── 20210722160631Z/
│ │ ├── REVISION
│ │ ├── css -> ../../shared/css/
│ │ ├── html/
│ │ │ └── index.htm
│ │ ├── img -> ../../shared/img/
│ │ └── logs -> ../../shared/logs
│ └── 20210722161542Z/
│ ├── REVISION
│ ├── css -> ../../shared/css/
│ ├── img -> ../../shared/img/
│ ├── index.htm
│ └── logs -> ../../shared/logs
├── repo/
│ └── html/
│ └── index.htm
└── shared/
├── css/
├── img/
└── logs
<1> 请注意 `html` 的缺失
管理 git 分支或标签¶
`ansistrano_git_branch` 变量用于指定要部署的 `branch` 或 `tag`。
- 部署 `releases/v1.1.0` 分支
---
- hosts: ansible_clients
become: yes
become_user: root
vars:
dest: "/var/www/site/"
ansistrano_deploy_via: "git"
ansistrano_git_repo: https://github.com/alemorvan/demo-ansible.git
ansistrano_deploy_to: "{{ dest }}"
ansistrano_keep_releases: 3
ansistrano_shared_paths:
- "img"
- "css"
ansistrano_shared_files:
- "log"
ansistrano_git_repo_tree: 'html'
ansistrano_git_branch: 'releases/v1.1.0'
roles:
- { role: ansistrano.deploy }
注意
您可以玩得开心,在部署期间刷新您的浏览器,以“实时”查看更改。
$ curl http://192.168.1.11
<html>
<head>
<title>Demo Ansible</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Version 1.0.1</h1>
</body>
<html>
- 部署 `v2.0.0` 标签
---
- hosts: ansible_clients
become: yes
become_user: root
vars:
dest: "/var/www/site/"
ansistrano_deploy_via: "git"
ansistrano_git_repo: https://github.com/alemorvan/demo-ansible.git
ansistrano_deploy_to: "{{ dest }}"
ansistrano_keep_releases: 3
ansistrano_shared_paths:
- "img"
- "css"
ansistrano_shared_files:
- "log"
ansistrano_git_repo_tree: 'html'
ansistrano_git_branch: 'v2.0.0'
roles:
- { role: ansistrano.deploy }
$ curl http://192.168.1.11
<html>
<head>
<title>Demo Ansible</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>Version 2.0.0</h1>
</body>
<html>
部署步骤之间的操作¶
使用 Ansistrano 进行的部署遵循以下步骤
设置
更新代码
符号链接共享
符号链接
清理
可以在每个步骤之前和之后进行干预。
可以通过为此目的提供的变量包含 playbook
ansistrano_before_<task>_tasks_file
或 `ansistrano_after_<task>_tasks_file`
简单示例:在部署开始时发送电子邮件(或您想要的任何内容,例如 Slack 通知)
---
- hosts: ansible_clients
become: yes
become_user: root
vars:
dest: "/var/www/site/"
ansistrano_deploy_via: "git"
ansistrano_git_repo: https://github.com/alemorvan/demo-ansible.git
ansistrano_deploy_to: "{{ dest }}"
ansistrano_keep_releases: 3
ansistrano_shared_paths:
- "img"
- "css"
ansistrano_shared_files:
- "logs"
ansistrano_git_repo_tree: 'html'
ansistrano_git_branch: 'v2.0.0'
ansistrano_before_setup_tasks_file: "{{ playbook_dir }}/deploy/before-setup-tasks.yml"
roles:
- { role: ansistrano.deploy }
创建文件 `deploy/before-setup-tasks.yml`
---
- name: Send a mail
mail:
subject: Starting deployment on {{ ansible_hostname }}.
delegate_to: localhost
TASK [ansistrano.deploy : include] *************************************************************************************
included: /home/ansible/deploy/before-setup-tasks.yml for 192.168.10.11
TASK [ansistrano.deploy : Send a mail] *************************************************************************************
ok: [192.168.10.11 -> localhost]
[root] # mailx
Heirloom Mail version 12.5 7/5/10. Type ? for help.
"/var/spool/mail/root": 1 message 1 new
>N 1 root@localhost.local Tue Aug 21 14:41 28/946 "Starting deployment on localhost."
- 您可能需要在部署结束时重启一些服务,例如刷新缓存。让我们在部署结束时重启 Apache
---
- hosts: ansible_clients
become: yes
become_user: root
vars:
dest: "/var/www/site/"
ansistrano_deploy_via: "git"
ansistrano_git_repo: https://github.com/alemorvan/demo-ansible.git
ansistrano_deploy_to: "{{ dest }}"
ansistrano_keep_releases: 3
ansistrano_shared_paths:
- "img"
- "css"
ansistrano_shared_files:
- "logs"
ansistrano_git_repo_tree: 'html'
ansistrano_git_branch: 'v2.0.0'
ansistrano_before_setup_tasks_file: "{{ playbook_dir }}/deploy/before-setup-tasks.yml"
ansistrano_after_symlink_tasks_file: "{{ playbook_dir }}/deploy/after-symlink-tasks.yml"
roles:
- { role: ansistrano.deploy }
创建文件 `deploy/after-symlink-tasks.yml`
---
- name: restart apache
systemd:
name: httpd
state: restarted
TASK [ansistrano.deploy : include] *************************************************************************************
included: /home/ansible/deploy/after-symlink-tasks.yml for 192.168.10.11
TASK [ansistrano.deploy : restart apache] **************************************************************************************
changed: [192.168.10.11]
正如您在本节中所看到的,Ansible 可以极大地改善系统管理员的生活。像 Ansistrano 这样非常智能的角色是“必须具备的”,它们很快就会变得不可或缺。
使用 Ansistrano 可以确保遵循良好的部署实践,减少将系统投入生产所需的时间,并避免潜在人为错误的风险。机器工作速度快,效率高,而且很少犯错误!